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Home/Thermochemistry

Spontaneous and non spontaneous process

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Question#1

Spontaneous process is MDCAT2010

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Question#2

For a spontaneous change, free energy change ΔG is
[MNR 1983; BHU 1981, 95; AMU 1999; DCE 2000, 01; BHU 2000; MP PMT 2003]

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Categories
1.    Introduction To Fundamental
         Atomic Mass
         Empirical formula
         Molecular Formula
         Concept of Mole
         Stoichiometry
         Limiting Reactant
         Percentage yield
2.    Atomic Strcuture
         Constituents of atom
         Properties of canal rays
         Rutherford Model
         Planks Theory
         Spectrum
         Bohr Model
         Hydrogen Spectrum
         de Broglie relation
         Uncertainty principle
         Quantum Number
         Electronic configuration
         n+l , Auf-Bau, Pauli and Hund's Rule
         Quantum mechanical model/ Schrodinger wave equation
3.    Gases
         General Properties of gases, liquids and solids
         Boyle's Law
         Charles Law and Absolute Scale of temperature
         Avogadro's Hypothesis
         Ideal gas equation
         Daltons Law of Partial pressure
         kinetic Molecular Theory of gases
         Ideal and Real Gases
         van Der Waals Equation
4.    Liquids
         Intermolecular forces
         hydrogen Bonding
         Evaporation
         Vapor Pressure
         Boiling point and External pressure
5.    Solids
         Types of Solids
         Properties of crystalline solids
         Ionic Solids
         Covalent Solids
         Molecular Solids
         Metallic solids
         Unit Cell
         Crystal System
6.    Chemical Equilibrium
         Reversible and irreversible Reactions
         State of Chemical equilibrium
         The Law of mass action
         Determination of equilibrium constant and its units
         Application of Law of Mass equilibrium (law of mass action)
         Applications and units of equilibrium constant
         Relation between kp and kc
         Factor effecting balance of chemical equilibrium (Le chatelier's principle)
         Common ion effect
         Ph
         Buffers
         Solubility Product
         Lowry-Bronsted acid base concept
7.    Reaction kinetics
         Rate of reaction
         Velocity constant or rate constant( K)
         rate Laws
         order of reaction
         Zero order reactions
         First order reactions
         Second order Reactions
         Third order reactions
         Half life of reaction
         How to determine rate of reaction.
         Ea(activation energy)
         collision theory
         transition state theory
         Arrhenius Equation
         Activation energy and catalysis
8.    Thermochemistry
         Basic concepts
         Exo and endothermic reactions
         Spontaneous and non spontaneous process
         intensive and extensive properties
         System, surrounding and boundary
         Homogenous and heterogenous thermodynamic systems
         Nature of heat and work
         First Law of thermodynamics
         specific and molar heat capacity
         Heat of reaction
         experimental determination of the heat of reaction
         laplace and hess's law
         born haber cycle
9.    Electrochemistry
         Oxidation and reduction
         Redox reactions
         Oxidation number and Oxidation state
         Oxidizing and Reducing agent
         Method for balancing redox reaction
         Electrolytes and Electrolysis
         Faraday's law of electrolysis
         Voltaic Cell / Galvanic cell
         Electrode Potential
         Standard hydrogen electrode
         Electrochemical series(ECS) and Applications Of ECS
10.    chemical Bonding
         Valency
         Octate Rule
         Ionization Energy
         Electron affinity
         Electronegativity
         Ionic Bond
         Covalent Bond
         Polarization
         Coordinate covalent Bond
         Sigma and pi Bond
         Hydrogen Bond
         VSEPR theory
         VBT
         Hybridization
         MOT
         Bond features (Bond length,Bond energy and Bond angle)
         Dipole moment
11.    s and p block Elements
         Demarcation of periodic Table
         Periodic properties (Atomic radius, I.E, E.A, E.N, MP, B.P, O.S, Electrical conductance, Hydration energy )
         Reactions of group 1 elements( Alkali metals)
         Reactions of Group-llA (Alkaline earth elements)
         Trend in solubility of nitrates, hydroxides, oxides, sulphates and carbonates of G_IAand G-lIA elements
         Effect of heat on hydroxides, carbonates and nitrates of G-1 and G-ll elements
         Reaction of Period 3 element with water, oxygen and chlorine
12.    Transition Elements
         Introduction
         General Features (Atomic radius, Electronic structure, Binding energy, Variable oxidation state, paramagnetic and diamagnetic behavior, Color complexes)
         Components of Complex Compounds
         Nomenclature of complex compounds
         Shapes of complex ions
13.    Fundamental Concepts of Organic Chemistry
         Organic chemistry and organic compounds
         The Special features of carbon chemistry
         Classification of organic compounds based on carbon skeleton
         Structural Isomerism in organic compounds
         Functional Groups
         Stereo Isomerism
         Hybridization
14.    Chemistry Of Hydrocarbons
         Introduction
         IUPAC Naming
         Physical Properties of Alkane Alkene and Alkynes
         Preparations Of Alkanes
         Preparation of alkenes
         Preparations Of alkynes
         Reactivity Of Alkanes
         Reactivity Of alkene
         Reaction Of Alkyne
         Acidity Of terminal Alkynes
         Reactivity comparison of Hydrocarbons
15.    Benzene
         IUPAC Naming and classification
         Physical properties of benzene
         Molecular orbital Aspects
         Resonance energy and Stability of benzene
         Preparation of benzene
         Reactivity and reactions ( catalytic Hydrogenation, Oxidation, Nitration, Halogenation, Sulphonation )
         Fridel Craft Alkylation and Acylation
         Substituent effects
16.    Alcohol and phenols
         Naming and Designation Of Alcohols
         Physical properties of Alochols
         Preparations of Alcohols
         Reactivity of Alcohols
         Predicting Relative acidity of alcohols
         iodoform test
         Lucas test
         Naming of aromatic hydroxy groups (phenol)
         Physical properties of phenol
         Preparation Of phenols
         Reactions of phenols
         Acidity of Phenols
         Identification test for Phenol
17.    Alkyl halides
         IUPAC system
         Preparations of alkyl halides
         Reactivity of Alkyl halides
         SN1 & SN2
         E1 & E2
         Nucleophile and Base
         Substrate and Leaving group
         Organomettalic Compound (Grignard Reagent)
18.    Aldehyde and ketones
         Nomenclature and structure of Aldehyde and ketones
         preparation of Ald & Ket
         Relative Reactivity of carbonyls
         Addition Of HCN and NaHSO3 to Carbonyls
         Aldol condensation
         Cannizaro's reaction
         Addition Elimination reactions
         oxidation reduction Reactions of carbonyls
         Identifications Reactions
19.    Carboxylic acid
         Nomenclature
         Physical properties
         Preparation of carboxylic acid by ( carbonation of Grignard reagent, Hydrolysis of Nitriles, oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes , oxidative cleavage of Alkene,
         Reaction involving H-atom of the carboxylic acid
         Reaction involving the OH-group of carboxylic acid
         Reaction involving Carboxyl group (-COOH)
         Acidity
         Tests for carboxylic Group
         Preparation and Reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives
20.    Macromolecules